Foot and Ankle Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 142-144 , 2008

Which is the more ‘evolved’ in modern humans, the hand or the foot?

  • Bernard Wood

      Affiliations

    • George Washington University, USA
    • National Museum of Natural History, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence address: National Museum of Natural History, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA.

References 

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  3. Goodman M. Man's place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins. In:  Washburn SL editors. Classification and human evolution. Chicago: Aldine; 1963;p. 204–234
  4. Uddin , et al. Sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of brain expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101:2957–2962
  5. Richmond BG, Strait DS. Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Nature. 2000;404:382–385
  6. Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH. Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science. 2007;316:1328–1331
  7. Clarke RJ. First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of Australopithecus. S Afr J Sci. 1998;94:460–463
  8. Clarke RJ. Discovery of a complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein. S Afr J Sci. 1999;95:477–480
  9. Clarke RJ. Newly revealed information on the Sterkfontein Member 2 Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein. S Afr J Sci. 2002;98:523–526
  10. Wood BA, Collard MC. In: Proc. Brit. Acad.: World prehistory: Studies in memory of Grahame Clark. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999;p. 11–23
  11. Tocheri MW, Orr CM, Larson SG, et al. The primitive wrist of Homo floresiensis and its implications for hominin evolution. Science. 2007;317:1743–1745
  12. Gebo DL, Schwartz GT. Foot bones from Omo: implications for hominid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006;129:499–511
  13. Morwood MJ, Soejono RP, Roberts RG, et al. Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. Nature. 2004;431:1087–1091
  14. Morwood MJ, Brown P, Jatmiko , et al. Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature. 2005;437:1012–1017

PII: S1268-7731(08)00070-2

doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2008.05.005

Foot and Ankle Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 142-144 , 2008

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