Foot and Ankle Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 120-124 , 2008

The diabetic foot—An update

  • Andrew J.M. Boulton, MD FRCP

      Affiliations

    • University of Manchester, UK
    • University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
    • Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence address: Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. Tel.: +44 161 276 4452/440; fax: +44 161 274 4740.

References 

  1. Boulton AJM, Vileikyte L, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet. 2005;366:1719–1724
  2. Boulton AJM. The diabetic foot: from art to science. The 18th Camillo Golgi lecture. Diabetelogia. 2004;47:1343–1353
  3. Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. Prevention of diabetes-related foot ulcers and amputations: a cost-utility analysis based on Markov model simulations. Diabetelogia. 2001;44:2077–2087
  4. Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA. Levin and O’Neal's “The diabetic foot”. 7th ed.. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2008;p. 1–627
  5. Boulton AJM, Cavanagh PR, Rayman G. The foot in diabetes. 4th ed.. Chichester: Wiley; 2006;p. 1–449
  6. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2005;293:217–228
  7. Al-Mahroos F, Al-Roomi K. Diabetic neuropathy foot ulceration, peripheral vascular disease and potential risk factors among patients with diabetes in Bahrain: a nationwide primary care diabetes clinic-based study. Ann Saudi Med. 2007;27:25–31
  8. Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J, et al. The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. Diabet Med. 2002;19:377–384
  9. Manes C, Papazoglou N, Sassidou E, Tzounas K. Prevalence of diabetic neuropathy and foot ulceration: a population-based study. Wounds. 2002;14:11–15
  10. Muller IS, de Grauw WJ, van Gerwen WH, Bartelink ML, van Hoogen HJ, Rutten GE. Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation in type 2 diabetic patients in Dutch primary health care. Diabet Care. 2002;25:570–576
  11. Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, McCulloch DK, Sandhu N, Reiber GE, et al. Incidence, outcomes and costs of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabet Care. 1999;22:382–387
  12. Vozar J, Adamka J, Holeczy P. Diabetics with foot lesions and amputations in the region of Horny Zitmy Ostrov 1993–1995. Diabetologia. 1997;40(Suppl. 1):A46
  13. Kumar S, Ashe HA, Parnell LN, Fernando DJ, Tsigos C, Young RJ, et al. The prevalence of foot ulceration and its correlates in type 2 diabetic patients: a population-based study. Diabet Med. 1994;11:480–484
  14. Moss S, Klein R, Klein B. The prevalence and incidence of lower extremity amputation in a diabetic population. Arch Int Med. 1992;152:510–616
  15. Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, del Aguila M, Smith DG, Lavery LA, et al. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabet Care. 1999;22:157–162
  16. Abbott CA, Garrow AP, Carrington AL, Morris J, van Ross ER, Boulton AJM. Footulcer risk is lower in South-Asian and African-Caribbean compared with European diabetic patients in the UK. Diabet Care. 2005;28:1869–1875
  17. Crawford F, Inkster M, Kleijnen J, Fahey T. Predicting foot ulcers in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. QJ Med. 2007;100:65–86
  18. Jeffcoate WJ. Charcot's disease. Diabet Metab Res Rev 24 (Suppl.); in press.
  19. Jude EB, Selby PL, burgess J, Lilleystone P, Mawer EB, Page SR, et al. Bisphosphonates in the treatment of Charcot neuroarthropathy: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2001;44:2032–2037
  20. Jeffcoate WJ, Game F, Cavanagh PR. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the causation of Charcot osteoarthropathy. Lancet. 2005;366:2058–2061
  21. Boulton AJM, Armstrong DG. Studies in plantar diabetic neuropathic ulcers: time for a paradigm shift?. Diabet Care. 2003;26:2689–2690
  22. Vileikyte L. Stress and wound healing. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:49–55
  23. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Kimbriel HR, Nixon BP, Boulton AJM. Activity patterns of patients with diabetic foot ulceration: patients with active ulcers may not adhere to a standard pressure offloading regimen. Diabet Care. 2003;26:2595–2597
  24. Armstrong DG, Short B, espensen EH, Nixon BP, Boulton AJM. Technique for fabrication of an “instant-total contact cast” for treatment of neuropathic plantar diabetic foot ulcers. J Am Podiat Med Assoc. 2002;92:405–408
  25. Katz IA, Harlan A, Miranda-Palma B, Prieto L, Armstrong DG, Bowker JH, et al. A randomized trial of two irremovable offloading devices in the management of plantar neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Care. 2005;28:555–559
  26. Piaggesi A, viacava P, Rizzo L, Naccarato G, Baccetti F, Romanelli M, et al. Semiquantitative analysis of the histopathological features of the neuropathic foot ulcers: effects of pressure relief. Diabet Care. 2003;26:3123–3128
  27. Cha J, Falanga V. Stem cells in cutaneous wound healing. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:73–78
  28. Sotto A, Richard JL, Jourdan N, Combescure C, Bouziges N, Lavigne JP, et al. Miniaturized oliyonucleotide arrays: a new tool for discriminating colonization from infection due to Staphylococcus aureus in diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Care. 2007;30:2051–2056
  29. Canavan RJ, Unwin NC, Connolly VM, Kelly WF, Diabetes and non-diabetes related lower extremity amputation incidence before and after the introduction of better organised diabetes foot care. Diabet Care 31; in press.

PII: S1268-7731(08)00066-0

doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2008.05.004

Foot and Ankle Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 120-124 , 2008

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